[14] Eugène Rendu， "Ambroise Rendu et l'Université de France" (1861)， pp.25， 26. (Letter of the Emperor to Fourcroy， Floreal 3， year XIII， ordering him to inspect the lycées and Report of Fourcroy at the end of four months.) "In general， the drum. the drill and military discipline keep the parents in most of the towns from sending their children to the lycée. . . . Advantage is taken of this measure to make parents believe that the Emperor wants only to make soldiers."Ibid. (Note of M. de Champagny， Minister of the Interior， written a few months later.) "A large half of the heads (of the lycée) or professors is， from a moral point of view， completely indifferent. One quarter， by their talk， their conduct， their reputation， exhibit the most dangerous character in the eyes of the youths. . . The greatest fault of the principals is their lack of religious spirit， religious zeal. . . . There are not more than two or three lycees in which this may be seen. Hence the removal of the children by the parents which is attributed to political prejudices； hence the rarity of paying pupils；hence the discredit of the lycées. In this respect opinion is unanimous."[15] "Histoire du Collége Louis le Grand，" by Esmond， emeritus censor， 1845， p.267 "Who were the assistant-teachers？ Retired subaltern officers who preserved the coarseness of the camp and knew of no virtue but passive obedience. . . . The age at which scholarships were given was not fixed， the Emperor's choice often falling on boys of fifteen or sixteen， who presented themselves with habits already formed out of a bad education and so ignorant that one was obliged to assign them to the lowest classes， along with children." - Fabry， "Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de l'instruction publique depuis 1789，" I.， 391. "The kernel of boarding-scholars， (holders of scholarships) was furnished by the Prytanée.
Profound corruption， to which the military régime gives an appearance of regularity， a cool impiety which conforms to the outward ceremonies of religion as to the movements of a drill， . . . steady tradition has transmitted this spirit to all the pupils that have succeeded each other for twelve years."[16] Fabry， ibid.， vol. II.，12， and vol. III.， 399.
[17] Decree of Nov.15， 1811， articles 15， 16， 22.
[18] Quicherat， ibid.， III.. 93 to 105. - Up to 1809， owing to M. de Fontane's toleration， M. de Lanneau could keep one half of his pupils in his house under the name of pupils in preparatory classes， or for the lectures in French or on commerce； nevertheless， he was obliged to renounce teaching philosophy. In 1810， he is ordered to send all his scholars to the lycée within three months. There were at this date 400scholars in Sainte-Barbe.
[19] Decree of Nov.15， 1811， articles 1， 4， 5， 9， 17 to 19 and 24 to 32. - " Procès-verbaux des séances du conseil de l'Universitéimpériale." (Manuscripts in the archives of the Ministry of Public Instruction， furnished by M. A. de Beauchamp)， session of March 12， 1811， note of the Emperor communicated by the Grand-Master. "His Majesty requires that the following arrangement be added to the decree presented to him： Wherever there is a lycée， the Grand-Master will order private institutions to be closed until the lycée has all the boarders it can contain." The personal intervention of Napoleon is here evident； the decree starts with him； he wished it at once more rigorous， more decidedly arbitrary and prohibitive.
[20] Quicherat， ibid.， III.，95-105. - Ibid.， 126. After the decree of November 15， 1811， threatening circulars follow each other for fifteen months and always to hold fast or annoy the heads of institutions or private schools. Even in the smallest boarding-schools， the school exercises must be announced by the drum and the uniform worn under penalty of being shut up[21] Ibid.， III.， 42. - At Sainte-Barbe， before 1808， there were various sports favoring agility and flexibility of the body， such as running races， etc. All that is suppressed by the imperial University；it does not admit that anything can be done better or otherwise than by itself.
[22] Decree of March 17， 1808， article 38. Among "the bases of teaching，" the legislator prescribes "obedience to the statutes the object of which is the uniformity of instruction."[23] Quicherat， III.， 128.
[24] " The Modern Régime，" I.， 164.
[25] See， for a comprehension of the full effect of this forced education， "Les Mécontens" by Mérimée， the r？le of Lieutenant Marquis Edward de Naugis.
[26] "Recueil，" by A. de Beauchamp； Report by Fourcroy， April 20， 1802： "The populations which have become united with France and which， speaking a different language and accustomed to foreign institutions， need to abandon old habits and refashion themselves on those of their new country， cannot find at home the essential means for giving their sons the instruction， the manners and the character which should amalgamate them with Frenchmen. What destiny could be more advantageous for them and， at the same time， what a resource for the government， which desires nothing so much as to attach new citizens to France！"[27] "Journal d'un déténu de 1807 à 1814" (I vol.， 1828， in English)， p.167. (An account given by Charles Choderlos de Laclos， who was then at La Flèche.
