The towns suffer from lack of transport, and from the combined effect on the country of their productive weakness and of the loss of their old position as centres through which the country received its imports from abroad.Townsfolk and factory workers lack food, fuel, raw materials and much else that in a civilized State is considered a necessary of life.Thus, ten million poods of fish were caught last year, but there were no means of bringing them from the fisheries to the great industrialcentres where they were most needed.Townsfolk are starving, and in winter, cold.People living in rooms in a flat, complete strangers to each other, by general agreement bring all their beds into the kitchen.In the kitchen soup is made once a day.There is a little warmth there beside the natural warmth of several human beings in a small room.There it is possible to sleep.During the whole of last winter, in the case I have in mind, there were no means of heating the other rooms, where the temperature was almost always far below freezing point.It is difficult to make the conditions real except by individual examples.The lack of medicines, due directly to the blockade, seems to have small effect on the imagination when simply stated as such.Perhaps people will realize what it means when instead of talking of the wounded undergoing operationswithout anesthetics I record the case of an acquaintance, a Bolshevik, working in a Government office, who suffered last summer from a slight derangement of the stomach due to improper and inadequate feeding.His doctor prescribed a medicine, and nearly a dozen different apothecaries were unable to make up the prescription for lack of one or several of the simple ingredients required.Soap has become an article so rare (in Russia as in Germany during the blockade and the war there is a terrible absence of fats) that for the present it is to be treated as a means of safeguarding labor, to be given to the workmen for washing after and during their work, and in preference to miners, chemical, medical and sanitary workers, for whose efficiency and health it is essential.The proper washing of underclothes is impossible.To induce the population of Moscow to go to the baths during the typhus epidemic, it was sufficient bribe to promise to each person beside the free bath a free scrap of soap.Houses are falling into disrepair for want of plaster, paint and tools.Nor is it possible to substitute one thing for another, for Russia's industries all suffer alike from their dependence on the West, as well as from the inadequacy of the transport to bring to factories the material they need.People remind each other that during the war the Germans, when similarly hard put to it for clothes, made paper dresses, table-cloths, etc.In Russia the nets used in paper-making are worn out.At last, in April, 1920 (soLenin told me), there seemed to be a hope of getting new ones from abroad.But the condition of the paper industry is typical of all, in a country which, it should not be forgotten, could be in a position to supply wood-pulp for other countries besides itself.The factories are able to produce only sixty per cent.of demands that have previously, by the strictest scrutiny, been reduced to a minimum before they are made.The reasons, apart from the lack of nets and cloths, are summed up in absence of food, forage and finally labor.Even when wood is brought by river the trouble is not yet overcome.The horses are dead and eaten or starved and weak.Factories have to cease working so that the workmen, themselves underfed, can drag the wood from the barges to the mills.It may well be imagined what the effect of hunger, cold, and the disheartenment consequent on such conditions of work and the seeming hopelessness of the position have on the productivity of labor, the fall in which reacts on all the industries, on transport, on the general situation and so againon itself.
Mr.J.M.Keynes, writing with Central Europe in his mind (he is, I think, as ignorant of Russia as I am of Germany), says: "What then is our picture of Europe? A country population able to support life on the fruits of its own agricultural production, but without the accustomed surplus for the towns, and also (as a result of the lack of imported materials, and so of variety and amount in the salable manufactures of the towns) without the usual incentives to market food in exchange for other wares; an industrial population unable to keep its strength for lack of food, unable to earn a livelihood for lack of materials, and so unable to make good by imports from abroad the failure of productivity at home."Russia is an emphasized engraving, in which every line of that picture is bitten in with repeated washes of acid.Several new lines, however, are added to the drawing, for in Russia the processes at work elsewhere have gone further than in the rest of Europe, and it is possible to see dimly, in faint outline, the new stage of decay which is threatened.The struggle to arrest decay is the real crisis of the revolution, of Russia, and, not impossibly, of Europe.For each country that develops to theend in this direction is a country lost to the economic comity of Europe.And, as one country follows another over the brink, so will the remaining countries be faced by conditions of increasingly narrow self-dependence, in fact by the very conditions which in Russia, so far, have received their clearest, most forcible illustration.
