THE huge volcano which was the first stage of our daring experiment is above five thousand feet high.Sneffels is the termination of a long range of volcanic mountains,of a different character to the system of the island itself.One of its peculiarities is its two huge pointed summits.From whence we started it was impossible to make out the real outlines of the peak against the grey field of sky.All we could distinguish was a vast dome of white,which fell downwards from the head of the giant.
The commencement of the great undertaking filled me with awe.Now that we had actually started,I began to believe in the reality of the undertaking!
Our party formed quite a procession.We walked in single file,preceded by Hans,the imperturbable eider-duck hunter.He calmly led us by narrow paths where two persons could by no possibility walk abreast.Conversation was wholly impossible.We had all the more opportunity to reflect and admire the awful grandeur of the scene around.
Beyond the extraordinary basaltic wall of the fjord of Stapi we found ourselves making our way through fibrous turf,over which grew a scanty vegetation of grass,the residuum of the ancient vegetation of the swampy peninsula.The vast mass of this combustible,the field of which as yet is utterly unexplored,would suffice to warm Iceland for a whole century.This mighty turf pit,measured from the bottom of certain ravines,is often not less than seventy feet deep,and presents to the eye the view of successive layers of black burned-up rocky detritus,separated by thin streaks of porous sandstone.
The grandeur of the spectacle was undoubted,as well as its arid and deserted air.
As a true nephew of the great Professor Hardwigg,and despite my preoccupation and doleful fears of what was to come,I observed with great interest the vast collection of mineralogical curiosities spread out before me in this vast museum of natural history.Looking back to my recent studies,I went over in thought the whole geological history of Iceland.
This extraordinary and curious island must have made its appearance from out of the great world of waters at a comparatively recent date.Like the coral islands of the Pacific,it may,for aught we know,be still rising by slow and imperceptible degrees.
If this really be the case,its origin can be attributed to only one cause-that of the continued action of subterranean fires.
This was a happy thought.
If so,if this were true,away with the theories of Sir Humphry Davy;away with the authority of the parchment of Arne Saknussemm;the wonderful pretensions to discovery on the part of my uncle-and to our journey!
All must end in smoke.
Charmed with the idea,I began more carefully to look about me.Aserious study of the soil was necessary to negative or confirm my hypothesis.I took in every item of what I saw,and I began to comprehend the succession of phenomena which had preceded its formation.
Iceland,being absolutely without sedimentary soil,is composed exclusively of volcanic tufa;that is to say,of an agglomeration of stones and of rocks of a porous texture.Long before the existence of volcanoes,it was composed of a solid body of massive trap rock lifted bodily and slowly out of the sea,by the action of the centrifugal force at work in the earth.
The internal fires,however,had not as yet burst their bounds and flooded the exterior cake of Mother Earth with hot and raging lava.
My readers must excuse this brief and somewhat pedantic geological lecture.But it is necessary to the complete understanding of what follows.
At a later period in the world's history,a huge and mighty fissure must,reasoning by analogy,have been dug diagonally from the southwest to the northeast of the island,through which by degrees flowed the volcanic crust.The great and wondrous phenomenon then went on without violence-the outpouring was enormous,and the seething fused matter,ejected from the bowels of the earth,spread slowly and peacefully in the form of vast level plains,or what are called mamelons or mounds.
It was at this epoch that the rocks called feldspars,syenites,and porphyries appeared.
But as a natural consequence of this overflow,the depth of the island increased.It can readily be believed what an enormous quantity of elastic fluids were piled up within its center,when at last it afforded no other openings,after the process of cooling the crust had taken place.
At length a time came when despite the enormous thickness and weight of the upper crust,the mechanical forces of the combustible gases below became so great,that they actually upheaved the weighty back and made for themselves huge and gigantic shafts.Hence the volcanoes which suddenly arose through the upper crust,and next the craters,which burst forth at the summit of these new creations.
It will be seen that the first phenomena in connection with the formation of the island were simply eruptive;to these,however,shortly succeeded the volcanic phenomena.
Through the newly formed openings,escaped the marvelous mass of basaltic stones with which the plain we were now crossing was covered.
We were trampling our way over heavy rocks of dark grey color,which,while cooling,had been moulded into six-sided prisms.In the "back distance"we could see a number of flattened cones,which formerly were so many fire-vomiting mouths.
After the basaltic eruption was appeased and set at rest,the volcano,the force of which increased with that of the extinct craters,gave free passage to the fiery overflow of lava,and to the mass of cinders and pumice stone,now scattered over the sides of the mountain,like disheveled hair on the shoulders of a Bacchante.
Here,in a nutshell,I had the whole history of the phenomena from which Iceland arose.All take their rise in the fierce action of interior fires,and to believe that the central mass did not remain in a state of liquid fire,white hot,was simply and purely madness.
