Famine would gnaw the multitude till they should rise up against him in madness.The demon of slaughter would impel them to tear him from limb to limb.But Fire boasted that she alone could reward him as he deserved, and that she would cling round him to all eternity.By the French press and the French tribune every crime that disgraced and every calamity that afflicted France was ascribed to the monster Pitt and his guineas.While the Jacobins were dominant, it was he who had corrupted the Gironde, who had raised Lyons and Bordeaux against the Convention, who had suborned Paris to assassinate Lepelletier, and Cecilia Regnault to assassinate Robespierre.When the Thermidorian reaction came, all the atrocities of the Reign of Terror were imputed to him.
Collet D'Herbois and Fouquier Tinville had been his pensioners.
It was he who had hired the murderers of September, who had dictated the pamphlets of Marat and the Carmagnoles of Barere, who had paid Lebon to deluge Arras with blood, and Carrier to choke the Loire with corpses.
The truth is, that he liked neither war nor arbitrary government.
He was a lover of peace and freedom, driven, by a stress against which it was hardly possible for any will or any intellect to struggle, out of the course to which his inclinations pointed, and for which his abilities and acquirements fitted him, and forced into a policy repugnant to his feelings and unsuited to his talents.
The charge of apostasy is grossly unjust.A man ought no more to be called an apostate because his opinions alter with the opinions of the great body of his contemporaries than he ought to be called an oriental traveller because he is always going round from west to east with the globe and everything that is upon it.
Between the spring of 1789 and the close of 1792, the public mind of England underwent a great change.If the change of Pitt's sentiments attracted peculiar notice, it was not because he changed more than his neighbours; for in fact he changed less than most of them; but because his position was far more conspicuous than theirs, because he was, till Bonaparte appeared, the individual who filled the greatest space in the eyes of the inhabitants of the civilised world.During a short time the nation, and Pitt, as one of the nation, looked with interest and approbation on the French Revolution.But soon vast confiscations, the violent sweeping away of ancient institutions, the domination of clubs, the barbarities of mobs maddened by famine and hatred, produced a reaction here.The court, the nobility, the gentry, the clergy, the manufacturers, the merchants, in short, nineteen-twentieths of those who had good roofs over their heads and good coats on their backs, became eager and intolerant Antijacobins.This feeling was at least as strong among the minister's adversaries as among his supporters.
Fox in vain attempted to restrain his followers.All his genius, all his vast personal influence, could not prevent them from rising up against him in general mutiny.Burke set the example of revolt; and Burke was in no long time joined by Portland, Spencer, Fitzwilliam, Loughborough, Carlisle, Malmesbury, Windham, Elliot.In the House of Commons, the followers of the great Whig statesman and orator diminished from about a hundred and sixty to fifty.In the House of Lords he had but ten or twelve adherents left.There can be no doubt that there would have been a similar mutiny on the ministerial benches if Pitt had obstinately resisted the general wish.Pressed at once by his master and by his colleagues, by old friends and by old opponents, he abandoned, slowly and reluctantly, the policy which was dear to his heart.He laboured hard to avert the European war.When the European war broke out, he still flattered himself that it would not be necessary for this country to take either side.In the spring of 1792 he congratulated the Parliament on the prospect of long and profound peace, and proved his sincerity by proposing large remissions of taxation.Down to the end of that year he continued to cherish the hope that England might be able to preserve neutrality.But the passions which raged on both sides of the Channel were not to be restrained.The republicans who ruled France were inflamed by a fanaticism resembling that of the Mussulmans who, with the Koran in one hand and the sword in the other, went forth, conquering and converting, eastward to the Bay of Bengal, and westward to the Pillars of Hercules.The higher and middle classes of England were animated by zeal not less fiery than that of the Crusaders who raised the cry of Deus vult at Clermont.The impulse which drove the two nations to a collision was not to be arrested by the abilities or by the authority of any single man.As Pitt was in front of his fellows, and towered high above them, he seemed to lead them.But in fact he was violently pushed on by them, and, had he held back but a little more than he did, would have been thrust out of their way or trampled under their feet.
He yielded to the current: and from that day his misfortunes began.The truth is that there were only two consistent courses before him.Since he did not choose to oppose himself, side by side with Fox, to the public feeling, he should have taken the advice of Burke, and should have availed himself of that feeling to the full extent.If it was impossible to preserve peace, he should have adopted the only policy which could lead to victory.
