The second basic design strategy is the Interlingua approach， which assumes that it is possible to convert SL texts into representations common to more than one language. From such Interlingua representations texts are generated into other languages. Translation is thus in two stages： from SL to the Interlingua （IL） and from the IL to the TL. Procedures for SL analysis are intended to be SL-specific and not oriented to any particular TL； likewise programs for TL synthesis are TL-specific and not designed for input from particular SLs. Translation from and into n languages requires n（n-1） bilingual “direct translation” systems； but with translation via an interlingua just 2n interlingua programs are needed. With more than three languages the Interlingua approach is claimed to be more economic. On the other hand， the complexity of the Interlingua itself is greatly increased. Interlinguas may be based on an artificial language， an auxiliary language such as Esperanto.
The third basic strategy is the less ambitious transfer approach. Rather than operating in two stages through a single Interlingua representation， there are three stages involving underlying （abstract） representations for both SL and TL texts. The first stage converts SL texts into abstract SL-oriented representations； the second stage converts these into equivalent TL-oriented representations； and the third generates the final TL texts. Whereas the Interlingua approach necessarily requires complete resolution of all ambiguities in the SL text so that translation into any other language is possible， in the transfer approach only those ambiguities inherent in the language in question are tackled； problems of lexical differences between languages are dealt with in the second stage （transfer proper）. Transfer systems consist typically of three types of dictionaries （SL dictionary containing detailed morphological， grammatical and semantic information， similar TL dictionary， and a bilingual dictionary relating base SL forms and base TL forms） and various grammars （for SL analysis， TL synthesis and for transformation of SL structures into TL forms）.
In many older systems， particularly those of the “direct translation” type the components of analysis； transfer and synthesis were not always clearly separated. Some of them also mixed data （dictionary and grammar） and processing rules and routines. Later systems have exhibited various degrees of modularity， so that system components， data and programs can be adapted and changed without damage to overall system efficiency. A further stage in some recent systems is the reversibility of analysis and synthesis components， i.e. the data and transformations used in the analysis of a particular language are applied in reverse when generating texts in that language.
【New Words】
dissemination
分发
restrict
限制，约束，限定
ambiguity
含糊，不明确
bilingual
能说两种语言的
monolithic
单片电路，单块集成电路
unidirectional
单向的
synthesis
综合，合成
Interlingua
国际语，中间语言
transformation
变化，转换，改革
7.4 An Introduction to Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word is a powerful word processing application that will allow you， through simple keystroke and menu navigation， to create dynamic documents for work， school， or personal use. This application is one of the most popular applications on the market today. Learning to use Microsoft Word proficiently can further your job readiness and give you a solid foundation in the world of computing.
I use Microsoft Word in as a tool to learning Windows in the live， voice-chat， and independent study courses I teach on the Internet. I have found it to be one of the most versatile and fully functioning applications available.
Before launching into the features of Microsoft Word， I would like to explain a bit about the display and exactly what is happening when you are in the Microsoft Word application. Understanding the layout of the window will help you to better understand the manner in which the application is accessed.
Microsoft Word， like most applications in Windows， has a display that features four “bars” and a document window. The bars of application windows are very similar in nature to the taskbar on the desktop. Most application windows will have four bars.
If you slide a ruler to the top of your monitor display， you will see the first bar of the Microsoft Word display. This bar is present in all applications of Windows and is called the “title bar”. The title bar of an application contains the title of the application. In Microsoft Word， for example， you would see the name of the application， and the name of the currently active document.
To read the title bar：
Window-Eyes users press CTRL - SHIFT - T.
JFW users press INSERT - T.
Sliding the ruler down one notch from the top of the display will present you with what is called the “menu bar”. The menu bar contains a list of all the menus in the application. The menu names appear across the menu bar. To access the menu bar， you will use the ALT key. The right and left arrow keys will move you through the various menu options.
Take the ruler down one more notch and you are presented with the toolbars of Microsoft Word. Most of applications will have toolbars. These are small graphical buttons upon which sighted people click to take an action in a document. Options such as font attributes， alignment options and table creation are all available in the toolbars of Microsoft Word. You will learn how to access these toolbars. While it may not be important to access the toolbars of Microsoft Word， you will want to learn how to access them because the other programs in the Microsoft Office suite of programs have options in the toolbars that are not accessible via menus or hot keys. If you plan to move on to PowerPoint or Excel， for example， you will want to become proficient at accessing the toolbars of the Microsoft Office applications.
