de Lanneau will be suitably compensated； Sainte-Barbe will be formed into a lycée， and M. de Lanneau shall be put at the head of it. Let it be noted that he is not an opponent， an irregular： M. de Fontaines himself praises his teaching， his excellent mind， his perfect exactitude， and calls him the universitarian of the university. But he does not belong to it， he stands aloof and stays at home， he is not disposed to become a mere cog-wheel in the imperial manufactory.
Therefore， whether he is aware of it or not， he does it harm and all the more according to his prosperity； his full house empties the lycées； the more pupils he has the less they have. Private enterprises in their essence enter into competition with public enterprise.
For this reason， if tolerated by the latter， it is reluctantly and because nothing else can be done； there are too many of them； the money and the means to replace them at one stroke would be wanting.
Moreover， with instruction， the consumers， as with other supplies and commodities， naturally dislike monopoly； they must be gradually brought to it； resignation must come to them through habit. The State， accordingly， may allow private enterprises to exist， at least for the time being. But， on condition of their being kept in the strictest dependence， of its arrogating to itself the right over them of life and death， of reducing them to the state of tributaries and branches， of utilizing them， of transforming their native and injurious rivalry into a fruitful and forced collaboration. Not only must private schools obtain from the State its express consent to be born， for lack of which they are closed and their principals punished，[10] but again， even when licensed， they live subject to the good-will of the Grand-Master， who can and must close them as soon as he recognizes in them "grave abuses and principles contrary to those professed by the University." Meanwhile， the University supports itself with their funds； since it alone has the right to teach， it may profit by this right， concede for money the faculty of teaching or of being taught alongside of it， oblige every head of an institution to pay so much for himself and so much for each of his pupils； in sum， here as elsewhere， in derogation of the university blockade， as with the continental blockade， the state sells licenses to certain parties. So true is this that， even with superior instruction， when nobody competes with it， it sells them： every graduate who gives a course of lectures on literature or on science must pay beforehand， for the year， 75 francs at Paris and 50 francs in the provinces. Every graduate who begin to lecture on law or medicine must pay beforehand 150 francs at Paris and 100 francs in the provinces.[11] There is the same annual duty on the directors of secondary schools， boarding-schools and private institutions. Moreover， to obtain the indispensable license， the master of a boarding-school at Paris must pay 300 francs， and in a province 200 francs； the principal of an institution in Paris pays 600 francs， and in the provinces 400 francs；besides that， this license， always revocable， is granted only for ten years； at the end of the ten years the titular must obtain a renewal and pay the tax anew. As to his pupils， of whatever kind， boarding scholars， day scholars， or even gratis，[12] the University levies on each a tax equal to the twentieth of the cost of full board； the director himself of the establishment is the one who fixes and levies the tax； he is the responsible collector of it， book-keeper and the debtor. Let him not forget to declare exactly the terms of his school and the number of his pupils； otherwise， there is investigation， verification， condemnation， restitution， fine， censure， and the possible closing of his establishment.
Regulations， stricter and stricter， tighten the cord around his neck and， in 1811， the rigid articles of the last decree draw so tight as to insure certain strangling at short date. Napoleon counts on that.[13] For his lycées， especially at the start， have not succeeded； they have failed to obtain the confidence of families；[14]
the discipline is too military， the education is not sufficiently paternal， the principals and professors are only indifferent functionaries， more or less egoist or worldly. Only former subaltern officers， rude and foul-mouthed， serve as superintendents and assistant-teachers. The holders of State scholarships bring with them "habits fashioned out of a bad education，" or by the ignorance of almost no education at all，[15] so that "for a child that is well born and well brought up，" their companionship is lopsided and their contact as harmful as it is repulsive. Consequently， the lycées during the first years，[16] solely filled with the few holders of scholarships， remain deserted or scarcely occupied， whilst "the élite of the young crowd into more or less expensive private schools."This élite of which the University is thus robbed must be got back.
